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Among the first to implement dictionary-based approaches to measure populism are Rooduijn and Pauwels (2011). Following the definition of Mudde (2004) they conceptualize populism as a thin ideology with the central concepts of people-centrism and anti-elitism.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/political-analysis/article/popbert-detecting-populism-and-its-host-ideologies-in-the-german-bundestag/06C14C50B50D5A7AB45C4A7C8A5AD945
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